Development and Effects of the ACRPAI Learning Management Model Based on Cybernetics and Discovery Learning for Enhancing Design Thinking Skills of Secondary School Students in the Western Education Innovation Area
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This study aimed to: (1) examine the current conditions and needs for developing design thinking skills among secondary school students; (2) analyze and synthesize the components of a cybernetic learning management model integrated with discovery-based instruction; (3) develop and validate the quality of the model; and (4) investigate the effects of implementing the model on students’ design thinking skills. This research employed a research and development (R&D) approach conducted in four phases: (1) a survey of current conditions and needs involving 140 students; (2) analysis of model components based on document review and interviews with 10 experts; (3) development and pilot implementation of the ACRPAI Model with 40 Grade 10 students; and (4) evaluation of the model through experimental implementation with a sample of 35 students. The research instruments included: (1) lesson plans based on the ACRPAI Model with an Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) ranging from 0.80 to 1.00; (2) an academic achievement test with a reliability coefficient of 0.89; (3) a design thinking skills assessment with a reliability coefficient of 0.92; and (4) a satisfaction questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.90. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-tests. The findings revealed that: (1) students demonstrated a high level of need for developing design thinking skills (PNI Modified = 0.51); (2) the developed ACRPAI Model consisted of five key components and six instructional steps: Analysis, Creation, Prototyping, Presentation, Evaluation, and Innovation Dissemination; (3) students’ post-test scores in both academic achievement and design thinking skills were significantly higher than their pre-test scores at the .01 level; and (4) students reported the highest level of satisfaction with the model.
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