Buddhist Psychiatry: A Case Study on Psychotherapy from the Tipitaka.

Abstract

Abstract

This academic article analyzes Buddhist psychiatry through case studies of mental health treatment from the Tipitaka. It explores concepts and methods found in Buddhist scriptures to present ancient wisdom that could complement the limitations of modern psychotherapy. Although medical terms were not used in the time of the Buddha, evidence shows that the Buddha was aware of human mental problems such as anxiety, sorrow, and delusion.

The analysis reveals that the Buddha acted as a "psychiatrist" using "puggala-paññatti" (personal teachings) or giving sermons tailored to each individual's disposition. He emphasized building relationships and trust with those suffering from mental distress, as seen in the cases of Venerable Cūḷapaṇṭhaka and Venerable Paṭācārā Theri. Additionally, the article analyzes the use of "upamā" (similes/analogies) as a therapeutic tool to transform abstract concepts into tangible ones and to stimulate "yoniso-manasikāra" (wise reflection). This encourages listeners to resolve their problems using their own wisdom.

Finally, the concept of "kamma" (action/karma) is presented as a mechanism for controlling thoughts, emphasizing that true kamma is the "cetanā" (intention) arising in the mind. Realizing this empowers people to consciously choose to create positive thoughts (sammā-saṅkappa) instead of being driven by "taṇhā" (craving), the "desire of ignorance." Buddhist therapy, therefore, does not rely on medication but on the direct training of the mind to develop "paññā" (wisdom) or "sammā-diṭṭhi" (right view), which leads to the lasting cessation of suffering.