Journal of Contemporary Buddhist Society = JCBS

THE CONCEPT OF BODHISATTVA IN MAHAYANA BUDDHISM: FROM IDEAL TO PAACTICE

Phrakru Suttayanasan — 2026-03-13

This article analyzes the Mahāyāna Buddhist concept of the Bodhisattva, examining its progression from an ideal to an embodied practice. It extends the discussion into theoretical analyses within Buddhist psychology and Buddhist sociology to explain the dynamics of the “mind of compassion” and the role of the Bodhisattva as a model for contemporary human and social development. The Bodhisattva ideal is not merely a religious aspiration; rather, it reflects a process of mental cultivation that transforms the ego into selflessness through the practice of the pāramitās, meditation, and the cultivation of loving-kindness and compassion an approach consistent with Buddhist psychological principles concerning positive mental transformation. In addition, the article links the Bodhisattva ideal with Buddhist sociology as a conceptual framework for creating a compassionate society grounded in the interdependence of all beings and peaceful coexistence. The analysis proposes ways to integrate the Bodhisattva paradigm with human development theories and social policies such as education, organizational management, and sustainable development to enhance both psychological well-being and global social balance. Thus, the article underscores that the Bodhisattva is not merely a religious symbol, but an ethical framework that can be meaningfully applied in the contemporary world.

The concept of the Bodhisattva is one of the key ideas that distinguishes Mahāyāna Buddhism from Theravāda Buddhism, emphasizing self-sacrifice for the welfare of all beings. A Bodhisattva refers to one who aspires to enlightenment in order to help all sentient beings be freed from suffering, choosing not to hasten into Nirvana for their own sake first.

APPLICATION OF THE FOUR BRAHMAVIHĀRAS FOR PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

Phrakhruyanavijakkhaṇa Senachum — 2026-03-31

This article aims to examine the application of the Four Brahmavihāras as a Buddhist ethical framework for peaceful coexistence in contemporary society. Amid rapid changes in social, economic, and technological contexts, increasing conflicts, differences in perspectives, and tensions among individuals and social groups have become more prevalent. This study employs a documentary analysis method, drawing upon sources from the Tipiṭaka, commentaries, and academic works in Buddhism and peace studies, in order to synthesize a conceptual Buddhist framework for fostering a peaceful society.
The findings reveal that the Four Brahmavihāras loving-kindness (mettā),compassion (karuṇā), empathetic joy (muditā), and equanimity (upekkhā) can be systematically developed into an ethical framework for social coexistence. Loving-kindness and compassion promote understanding and altruistic concern for others; empathetic joy helps reduce envy and negative competition; while equanimity fosters fairness and balance in decision-making. When these principles are integrated with mental development processes, ethical communication, and conflict management, they contribute to supportive relationships, social harmony, and cooperation within society.
The article proposes a conceptual framework termed the “Brahmavihāra Ethics Model,” demonstrating that the Four Brahmavihāras can serve as a foundational ethical basis for peaceful coexistence in contemporary society. This model can be applied at individual, family, community, and societal levels to promote human and social development toward sustainable peace.

THE T-MSH MODEL FOR CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION AND SOCIAL HARMONY IN THAILAND

Kulaporn Kaewwilai — 2026-03-14

The Thai Mindfulness for Social Harmony (T-MSH) model is a theory-driven policy model for conflict transformation in Thailand. Grounded in Buddhist social ethics and accessible through secular language, T-MSH model integrates mindfulness-based self-regulation, ethical communication inspired by Right Speech, and restorative dialogue to support healing. This article synthesizes a multi-level framework for Thai society. Evidence from organizational and meta-analytic research indicates that mindfulness training can support constructive conflict management, reduce anger and aggression, and strengthen prosocial dispositions, especially when programs are rigorous and ethically grounded. However, integrative scholarship also highlights risks: decontextualized “attention-only” mindfulness may be ethically thin, culturally contested, or operationalized in ways that neglect the structural causes of conflict.

This T-MSH model is designed for scalable adoption across temples, schools, workplaces, local administrations, and digital communities. The model combines (1) self-regulation and emotion awareness, (2) ethical communication and compassionate listening, (3) restorative dialogue processes, and (4) community care infrastructures led by trained facilitators. Implementation guidance and measurable indicators are provided to support a national “mindfulness-for-harmony” policy that remains inclusive, trauma-informed, and aligned with Thailand’s Buddhist cultural capital while respecting pluralism.

ADMINISTRATION BASED ON GOOD GOVERNANCE PRINCIPLES TO ENHANCE MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS IN THE PRESENT DAY

Phramaha Boonrod Mahaweero (Seupduang) — 2026-03-30

This academic article aims to analyze administration based on good governance principles integrated with Buddhist principles to enhance ethical leadership in contemporary municipal operations. The findings indicate that municipalities, as a form of local government, play a crucial role in community development within a democratic system, with structures that support checks and balances. However, they continue to face structural challenges, particularly issues of poor governance and corruption, which hinder the achievement of decentralization goals. The application of the six principles of good governance rule of law, morality, transparency, participation, accountability, and value for money serves as a vital framework for improving organizational effectiveness and credibility.

Furthermore, the integration of Buddhist principles, especially ethical leadership and fundamental moral values such as honesty, truthfulness, and a sense of responsibility, contributes to strengthening ethical standards and accountability among personnel. This integration leads to transparent and sustainable administrative practices. Therefore, effective administration requires the combined application of good governance and Buddhist principles. The article suggests that local administrative organizations should adopt a Buddhist governance approach in delivering public services to effectively respond to citizens’ needs and promote sustainable social and national development in the long term.

INTEGRATING THE FOUR DEVELOPMENTS (BHAVANA IV) FOR HOLISTIC HEALTH BEHAVIOR DEVELOPMENT AMONG THE ELDERLY IN A DYNAMIC AGING SOCIETY

Phrakrusawatkanchanophas (Thatpon Chanthawanso) — 2026-03-30

The academic article titled "Integrating the Four Developments (Bhavana IV) for Holistic Health Behavior Development among the Elderly in a Dynamic Aging Society" aims to present a framework for enhancing health behaviors in the elderly by integrating Buddhist principles with behavioral science and psychosocial concepts. As Thailand transitions into a completely aged society, the elderly frequently encounter physical decline according to biological laws and social isolation, both of which detrimentally affect holistic well-being. This study finds that sustainable health behavior development requires an internal-to-external driving mechanism centered on the Four Developments (Bhavana IV): (1) Physical Development (Kaya-bhavana): cultivating a mindful relationship with the physical environment; (2) Moral Development (Sila-bhavana): establishing social discipline and peaceful coexistence; (3) Emotional Development (Citta-bhavana): strengthening mental quality and concentration to cope with changes; and (4) Intellectual Development (Panna-bhavana): fostering realization of life’s truths for detachment and mental liberation. Furthermore, this developmental process must adhere to the principles of holistic accumulation (Sabba-sambhara-bhavana), continuity (Nirantara-bhavana), long-term perseverance (Cirakala-bhavana), and respectfulness (Sakkacca-bhavana). Such integration not only elevates the quality of life for the elderly but also facilitates a transition from dependency to Active Ageing, enabling them to live with dignity and sustainable happiness in today's dynamic society.

GUIDELINES FOR PROMOTING SOCIAL MEDIA LITERACY FOR WORKING-AGE GROUPS THROUGH A BUDDHIST INTEGRATED APPROACH

Uthai Intaruk — 2026-03-30

This academic article aims to present insights into the adaptation of working professionals in the digital era through the process of building intellectual immunity. The study reveals that the working-age population, particularly Generation Y, exhibits high levels of internet and social media engagement. While technology facilitates convenience and economic opportunities, it simultaneously introduces structural issues such as social media addiction, fake news, hate speech, and privacy violations. These problems underscore a deficiency in practical media literacy skills. This article proposes an integration of Buddhist principles as a critical tool for information management. Mindfulness and Clear Comprehension (Sati-Sampajañña) serve as the foundation for governing sensory perceptions (Ayatana), enabling the distinction between objective facts and emotions fabricated by media consumption. Furthermore, the Kalama Sutta provides a 10-point framework for critical analysis, preventing cognitive biases and premature beliefs based on superficial appearances. This integration empowers users to differentiate between “True Value,” which nurtures wisdom, and “Artificial Value,” which merely satisfies cravings. Ultimately, the Buddhist integrated paradigm shifts the user's status from a dominated recipient to a master of technology. It emphasizes internal competence over mere technical skills, fostering responsible digital citizens capable of utilizing social media creatively, safely, and sustainably to enhance their quality of life in a borderless world.

INTEGRATED BUDDHIST ADMINISTRATIVE MODEL FOR PROMOTING STUDENT AGGRESSION REDUCTION

Soonthorn Suvanaporn — 2026-03-31

This academic article aims to present an educational administration model for promoting the reduction of aggressive behavior among students through the integration of Buddhist principles. Amidst the rapid changes in a globalized society, youth increasingly face emotional challenges and violent tendencies. The study reveals that aggressive behavior is a complex process originating from perceived threats, leading to physical and verbal manifestations. Effective intervention requires an administrative model that moves beyond mere punishment, emphasizing collaboration between schools, families, and communities under the systematic POSDCoRB framework. The core of this model is the integration of Buddhist Dhamma, including the Threefold Training (Tisikkha) for behavioral and intellectual cultivation, the Seven Qualities of a Good Person (Sappurisa-dhamma 7), and the Four Sublime States (Brahmavihara 4) to foster compassionate leadership among administrators and teachers. Furthermore, the "Tinavattharaka-vinaya" (the method of covering with grass) is applied as an ethical mechanism for conflict resolution through compromise and forgiveness. Implementing this integrated model transforms educational institutions into safe learning environments, reduces emotional tension, and enhances essential life skills for sustainable self-control. This approach aligns with the National Education Act's intent to develop students as holistic human beings—physically, mentally, intellectually, and morally—to ensure lasting peace in Thai society within the New Normal era.

THE INTEGRATION OF THE THREEFOLD TRAINING INTO ACTIVE LEARNING MANAGEMENT TO ENHANCE DESIRABLE LIFE SKILLS ACCORDING TO THE BASIC EDUCATION CORE CURRICULUM

Kanyaporn Sutthiphan — 2026-03-31

This academic article aims to present an integrated approach of the Threefold Training (Ti-Sikkhā) within Active Learning models to enhance desirable life skills according to the Basic Education Core Curriculum B.E. 2551 (A.D. 2008) in the digital era. Amidst rapid social changes and complex threats, life skills—comprising cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains—align significantly with the Threefold Training. The study reveals that Active Learning, emphasizing practice and the Reflect-Connect-Apply (RCA) process, serves as a dynamic force driving self-development. Specifically, Adhisīla-sikkhā (Higher Morality) fosters social discipline and relationships; Adhicitta-sikkhā (Higher Mentality) nurtures mental resilience and emotional maturity; and Adhipaññā-sikkhā (Higher Wisdom) promotes Analytical Reflection (Yonisomanasikāra) for rational problem-solving and digital literacy. Synthesizing modern pedagogy with Buddhist principles constitutes an educational innovation that elevates learners' quality of life, fostering a holistic balance of physical, emotional, and intellectual well-being. This integration empowers students to navigate contemporary global crises with stability, wisdom, and sustainable happiness.

PURATTIMADISA: THE ROLES OF PARENTS IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Sunthorn Sukhsaptaweephol — 2026-03-31

This academic article aims to examine the roles and responsibilities of parents based on the principle of Puratthimadisa in the Sigalovada Sutta, reinterpreting it to align with the context of 21st-century society. This era is characterized by rapid changes driven by digital technology and online media, which significantly influence the behavior, learning processes, and relationships of children and youth. From this study, the author synthesizes the findings into a conceptual framework called the Purat Model, which explains parental roles in five key dimensions: protection from wrongdoing, promotion of goodness, enhancement of learning, development of appropriate relationships, and wise transfer of resources. These dimensions comprehensively address moral development, education, emotional growth, and the ability to live in a digital society. In addition, the article proposes practical applications for real-life family contexts, such as family mindfulness practice, compassion-based parenting, moral cultivation in daily life, and responsible use of technology. These approaches aim to help children develop self-regulation, rational thinking, and the ability to use digital media appropriately.

INTEGRATING THE IDDHIPADA IV FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN BORDER PATROL POLICE DIVISION (KING TAKSIN CAMP)

Nuchari Trisamarnrak — 2026-03-31

This research aims to: (1) examine the principles of the Four Iddhipāda as presented in Buddhist scriptures; (2) identify appropriate artificial intelligence (AI) skills for Border Patrol Police Unit 34 (King Taksin Camp); and (3) integrate the Four Iddhipāda to enhance AI skills among officers. This study adopts a qualitative research approach, utilizing data from Buddhist scriptures, academic documents related to artificial intelligence, and in-depth interviews with key informants, including community leaders, members of the Police Advisory Board (Kor.Tor.Tor.), and the general public.

The findings reveal that the Four Iddhipāda chanda (aspiration), viriya (effort), citta (focused attention), and vimaṁsā (investigation) serve as a systematic framework for self-development, emphasizing intrinsic motivation, perseverance, concentration, and rational reflection. The appropriate AI skills for Border Patrol Police Unit 34 include basic AI tool utilization, analytical thinking and data literacy, the application of AI in security operations, and digital ethics.

The integration of the Four Iddhipāda with AI skill development shows that chanda fosters motivation for learning new technologies, viriya promotes continuous effort in skill development, citta enhances concentration and task commitment, and vimaṁsā supports critical analysis and evaluation of AI applications. This integration leads to effective skill development while maintaining ethical integrity, ultimately enhancing the operational performance of Border Patrol Police in a sustainable manner.

COMPONENTS AND POTENTIAL OF INDUSTRIAL TOURISM IN THE EEC AREA RAYONG PROVINCE

Wiboon Rasmeepaisarn — 2026-03-13

This research article aims to 1) examine the components of industrial tourism in the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) of Rayong Province, and 2) assess the potential for industrial tourism development in the area. A qualitative research approach was employed, using semi-structured interviews to collect data from 30 key informants selected through purposive sampling. The informants consisted of representatives from government agencies, the private sector, academia, local communities, and tourists. Data were analyzed using content analysis and presented through descriptive narration.

The findings revealed that 1) regarding the components of industrial tourism (6As), the EEC area of Rayong Province possesses all essential tourism components. Key attractions such as the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate and Wangchan Valley (EECi) have strong potential to be developed as learning sites for modern industry and innovation. The linkage with other nearby attractions including local communities, agricultural areas, and coastal destinations enhances the diversity and quality of tourist experiences. The area is also supported by well-developed infrastructure, accessibility, amenities, and services that effectively accommodate B-leisure activities, while demonstrating readiness to support safe and sustainable tourism. 2) Regarding industrial tourism potential, the EEC of Rayong Province exhibits strong competitiveness as a national hub for industry and innovation. The area can be developed into concrete industrial tourism routes and is supported by government policies, advanced infrastructure, and international marketing strategies. These factors contribute to its ability to attract business travelers and high-value tourists, generate economic added value, strengthen local communities, and promote long-term sustainable tourism development.

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SINGHSUTHAWAT TEMPLE (WAT LUANG PHO NOI) UNDER A BUDDHIST ETHICAL FRAMEWORK, BAN PANG SUBDISTRICT, BANG SAI DISTRICT, PHRA NAKHON SI AYUTTHAYA PROVINCE

Suphatcha Thaptodee — 2026-03-19

This research article aims to examine the level and forms of public participation in the management of Wat Sing Suthawat (Wat Luang Pho Wat Noi), located in Ban Paeng Subdistrict, Bang Sai District, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, as well as to propose guidelines for enhancing public participation under a Buddhist ethical framework. The analytical framework is based on the principles of the Four Bases of Social Solidarity (Saṅgahavatthu 4), the Four Divine Abodes (Brahmavihāra 4), and the Seven Conditions of Non-decline (Aparihāniyadhamma 7). This study employed a survey research design. The sample consisted of 249 local residents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The findings revealed that the overall level of public participation in temple management was at a low level. Public participation was highest in terms of benefit sharing, while participation in decision-making and monitoring and evaluation was at the lowest level. In addition, differences in educational attainment and average monthly income had a statistically significant effect on the level of public participation. The results indicate that temple management lacks structural mechanisms that effectively facilitate public participation. When considered within the Buddhist ethical framework, the promotion of public participation should emphasize the principles of loving-kindness (mettā), compassion (karuṇā), mutual support, and the provision of opportunities for community members to engage in decision-making and monitoring processes. Such an approach would help foster trust, social harmony, and enable the temple to function sustainably as both a spiritual and social center of the community.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT APPROACHES TO ELEVATING PATTAYA AS A WORLD-CLASS SUSTAINABLE CRUISE DESTINATION

Bongkoch Rungkornpaisan — 2026-03-30

Thailand’s Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC). Nevertheless, Pattaya continues to grapple with structural limitations that impede the realization of its full developmental potential. Objectives: This research aims to: (1) evaluate Pattaya’s potential using the 6As framework; (2) analyze strategic environmental factors through SWOT Analysis; and (3) propose guidelines for developing Pattaya into a sustainable cruise destination. Employing a qualitative approach, the study conducted in-depth interviews with 17 key informants across multi-stakeholder sectors. Data were synthesized using content analysis and the TOWS Matrix.

The findings reveal that while Pattaya possesses high 6As potential, particularly in attractions, it faces significant structural challenges regarding port infrastructure and traffic congestion. The proposed Hybrid Cruise Terminal emerges as a pivotal strategic opportunity to elevate the city’s status to a "Home Port." Furthermore, the study underscores the integration of sustainability through Community-Based Tourism (CBT) and the Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) model to ensure equitable socio-economic benefits.

The primary contribution of this research is the "Pattaya Sustainable Cruise Strategic Model" (PSCS-Model), which rests on four strategic pillars: (P) Port Infrastructure Development, (S) Seamless Smart Connectivity, (C) Community-Based Integration, and (S) Safety and Sustainable Governance. This model serves as a strategic roadmap for transitioning Pattaya into a world-class, sustainable cruise destination.

THE FOUR BHĀVANĀ AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENT LEADERSHIP SKILLS AT WANG PRACHOP WITTAYAKHOM SCHOOL, TAK PROVINCE

Phrakruwirunthummakit — 2026-03-16

This research has three objectives: 1) to study the model for developing leadership skills among students; 2) to develop leadership skills among students at Wangprachop Wittayakom School; and 3) to promote leadership among students based on Buddhist principles. The research employed both quantitative and qualitative methods, collecting data through in-depth interviews with 10 informants and focus group discussions with youth, teachers, parents, community leaders, and monks in the area.

The research results revealed that the school has a gradual development model for student leadership skills through teaching and learning according to the Office of the Basic Education Commission (OBEC) learning system. Modern technology is used to assist in teaching and learning, allowing students to learn by leaps and bounds, keeping up with the current era. Students develop leadership skills through the school's routine activities and teaching. Faculty, teachers, school board members, monks, and parents continuously promote teaching and learning and activities. This results in students having leadership skills appropriate for their age and class stage. They are gentle-minded, like to help and share, are intelligent, have concentration, are responsible for themselves and the community, have leadership skills, are assertive, are decisive, and can solve problems through intelligence.

CREATIVE ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING PROMOTION PROCESS USING CREATIVITY-BASED LEARNING (CBL) AT PHRAPARIYATTIDHAMMA SCHOOL, GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT, ZONE 3

Phramaha Viradej Atthipanyo — 2026-03-20

This research aimed to: (1) examine the problems in creative English language learning based on Creativity-Based Learning (CBL); (2) develop a creative English learning process using CBL; (3) investigate learners’ satisfaction with the developed process; and (4) propose a creative English learning process for Phrapariyattidhamma Schools, General Education Section, Zone 3. The study employed a research and development approach combined with qualitative methods. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and participation from 20 respondents.

The findings revealed that:

English language learning in Phrapariyattidhamma Schools still emphasizes grammar and rote memorization, resulting in several issues: (1) the curriculum prioritizes religious studies over English; (2) learners experience fear of making mistakes, shyness, lack of motivation, and weak language foundations; (3) teachers rely on traditional rote teaching methods and lack creative activities; (4) educational institutions face limitations in infrastructure; and (5) experiential CBL activities are insufficiently implemented. The development of a creative English learning process using CBL focuses on enabling learners to connect English with real-life experiences, create dialogues, and produce creative works. Learning activities should align with the monastic context by incorporating daily routines and religious practices as content, allowing novice monks to narrate, explain, and create in a natural and meaningful way.

The evaluation of satisfaction with the learning process indicated a high level overall (mean = 3.89, S.D. = 0.601). The aspect of the English learning process received the highest score (mean = 3.96, S.D. = 0.621). The proposed creative English learning process using CBL begins with pilot teaching activities to extract practical lessons from teachers and Dhamma instructors, along with the development of instructional media based on Buddhist principles and real-life situations, facilitating knowledge exchange and continuous learning development.

MANAGEMENT MODEL TO DEVELOP THE PARTICIPATION IN ACADEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF TEACHERS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS UNDER THE EDUCATION SANDBOX RAYONG PROVINCE

Achara nittayawan — 2026-03-18

This research article aimed to (1) examine the causal factors influencing teachers’ participation in academic administration in secondary schools within the Rayong Educational Innovation Area, (2) verify the goodness of fit between the proposed theoretical structural model and empirical data, and (3) develop and evaluate an administrative model to enhance teachers’ participation in academic administration. The sample consisted of 200 secondary school teachers working in schools located in the Rayong Educational Innovation Area. The research instrument was a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of not less than 0.70. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations, multiple correlation analysis, and path analysis. The results indicated that the overall level of causal factors affecting teachers’ participation in academic administration was at the highest level (x̄ = 4.60, S.D. = 0.52), while the level of teachers’ participation in academic administration was at a high level (x̄ = 4.41, S.D. = 0.68). The path analysis revealed that the predictor variables explained 99.20% of the variance in teachers’ participation in academic administration (R² = .992). Among the predictors, organizational factors exerted the highest total effect (.741), followed by teacher-related factors (.402) and external organizational factors (.248), all of which were statistically significant at the .05 level. In addition, the theoretical structural model demonstrated a good fit with the empirical data. Furthermore, the administrative model developed based on the PDCA (Plan–Do–Check–Act) cycle was evaluated as having a high level of appropriateness (x̄ = 4.34, S.D. = 0.77) and the highest level of feasibility for practical implementation (x̄ = 4.67, S.D. = 0.47). These findings suggest that academic leadership, a supportive organizational climate, and teacher capacity development are key mechanisms for promoting teachers’ participation in academic administration within educational innovation areas.

DEVELOPING A TEACHING AND LEARNING MODEL FOR THAMAWAT WITTAYA SCHOOL (WAT DON MUN) BASED ON THE FOUR SUBLIME STATES OF MIND (BRAHMA VIHARA 4)

Phrapeng Kusoljitto — 2026-03-13

This study aimed to develop a Buddhist instructional model based on the principle of the Four Brahmavihāras (loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity) as a conceptual framework for learning design in temple-based schools. The research employed a mixed-methods approach using Thammawat Wittaya School (Wat Donmun), Tak Province, Thailand, as a case study. Quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire administered to 298 participants, including teachers, students, and parents. Qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 10 key informants, consisting of school administrators, teachers, and students. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, while qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis.

The findings revealed that the overall implementation of the instructional model at Thammawat Wittaya School was at a high level (= 4.06). When examined according to the Four Brahmavihāras, the results indicated that loving-kindness (mettā) was reflected in teachers’ care and goodwill toward students; compassion (karuṇā) was expressed through teachers’ willingness to provide guidance and support in addressing students’ academic and behavioral challenges; sympathetic joy (muditā) was promoted by encouraging students to appreciate and celebrate the achievements of others; and equanimity (upekkhā) was fostered by cultivating patience and balanced attitudes toward various situations. Furthermore, the development of teaching and learning practices based on the Four Brahmavihāras was also found to be at a high level (=4.09), emphasizing positive teacher–student relationships, collaborative learning, participatory decision-making, and equal opportunities for students to express their opinions.

The study suggests that integrating the Four Brahmavihāras into educational practice can serve as an effective framework for developing a Buddhist instructional model that promotes ethical development, supportive classroom relationships, and holistic student learning in temple-based educational contexts.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE MANAGEMENT IN THE TAK OUT SUBDISTRICT ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION, BAN TAK DISTRICT, TAK PROVINCE

Phra Apisit Khunsitho (Dechmongkholwattana) — 2026-03-19

This research aimed to: 1) examine the management model based on good governance principles in Thai society; 2) study the development of management processes for efficiency based on good governance principles of Tak Ok Subdistrict Administrative Organization, Ban Tak District, Tak Province; and 3) propose guidelines for effective management based on good governance principles of Tak Ok Subdistrict Administrative Organization, Ban Tak District, Tak Province. This study employed a mixed-methods research design. The quantitative sample consisted of 371 residents within the Tak Ok Subdistrict Administrative Organization, and data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics. The qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with 18 key informants, including administrators, council members, and community leaders.

The research findings revealed that: 1) the overall management model based on good governance principles was at a high level ( = 3.94), with accountability ranking the highest, followed by morality, participation, transparency, rule of law, and value for money, respectively; 2) the development of management processes for efficiency based on good governance principles was also at a high level ( = 3.85), with accountability ranking the highest, followed by transparency, value for money, rule of law, and participation; and 3) the guidelines for effective management based on good governance principles were at a high level overall ( = 4.25), with participation considered the most important, followed by transparency, value for money, morality, and rule of law.

The recommendations suggest that organizations should continuously promote public participation, develop information technology systems to enhance transparency, clearly define responsibilities, and cultivate ethics and morality within the organization in order to sustainably improve management efficiency based on good governance principles.

APPROACHES TO THE PROMOTION OF CREATIVE TOURISM IN BANDON BAY : SURAT THANI PROVINCE

Supang Aporn — 2026-03-31

This study aims to examine tourists’ behavior, motivation, and marketing mix factors, as well as to identify guidelines for promoting creative tourism in Ban Don Bay, Surat Thani Province. The research employed a quantitative approach, using a questionnaire to collect data from 400 Thai tourists. A quota sampling method was applied by proportionally selecting respondents from eight sites: Phum Riang Village, Laem Pho Beach, Koh Sed, Suan Mokkhaphalaram, the Chaiya salted egg community enterprise group, Leelet Community, Bang Bai Mai Community, Sin Mana Farmstay, and Pak Nam Kradae Community-based Tourism. Each site contributed 50 respondents. Subsequently, accidental sampling was used to select participants. Data were analyzed using statistical software, and inferential statistics, including t-test and F-test, were employed to test the research hypotheses.

The findings revealed that most tourists had visited the area more than twice and typically traveled with family members, relatives, or partners. They tended to plan their trips independently, did not stay overnight, and had travel expenses ranging from 2,001 to 5,000 baht. Tourists showed strong interest in local culture and ways of life, as well as in the diversity of attractions and activities. Their primary motivation for visiting was the attractiveness of the destinations, particularly Koh Sed, Leelet Community, Bang Bai Mai Community, Sin Mana Farmstay, and Pak Nam Kradae Community. They actively participated in creative activities such as local cooking, learning Muay Chaiya, canal cruising to observe local lifestyles, handicraft making, and eco-tourism.

Regarding the marketing mix, tourists placed the highest importance on physical evidence, especially basic facilities, safe tourism routes, and clear signage. Key recommendations for promoting tourism include diversifying activities, enhancing community training, improving infrastructure and public transportation, developing online platforms, integrating innovation and technology, ensuring service safety standards, securing funding, and creating tourism programs that connect routes with competing destinations to achieve mutual benefits.

THAI BUDDHISM AND SECULAR DEMOCRACY

Phrakhruyanavijakkhaṇa Senachum — 2026-03-31